Hi David, In an amazing coincidence, I just emailed you (at blackdav / shu.edu) because I wanted to thank you for posting a nice test/unit example and to show you the minor changes I made to make the example more compelling, or at least amusing (to me, at least.) Thank you very much for your excellent explanation to my current question. > That sounds an awful lot like Array#join.... > Yikes -- let Ruby do the work for you ... Yes indeed. A number of people pointed that out to me earlier in this thread and I have taken their advice to heart. I just posted my original code with some new comments to ask Ara about the comments. I just read your analysis quickly but it looks right on target. I'll study it and apply that to my code and then comments. I've got about a dozen different ways of doing a few different tasks with arrays that might make an interesting tutorial for some newbies, i.e. less experienced in Ruby than me. Regards, Richard --- Outgoing mail is certified Virus Free. Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com). Version: 6.0.665 / Virus Database: 428 - Release Date: 4/30/2004