BTW, I found that my link to the ruby-math site did not work for me. But http://blade.nagaokaut.ac.jp/ruby/ does work (for me). Its the 1st thread in ruby-math. Japanese intimidates me as it is so unfamiliar to a westerner. I wish I had been taught something about the east in school, I feel that easterners find out more about the west than vice versa. Sorry, I am rambling. Van