the pickaxe defines Principle of Least Surprise as "things work the way you expect them to, with very few special cases or exceptions." i know this doesn't necessarily mean "things work the way you expect them _in other languages_", but i notice that ruby seems to surprise many people with regard to class variables. may i suggest that we pick a new term for ruby's "class variables" in the documentation? "class & subclass variable", "classdown variable", "shared class variable", ... even the downloadable pickaxe book has this in the "Classes, Objects, and Variables" chapter: "Class variables are private to a class and its instances." -- dave