Hi -- On Fri, 16 Dec 2005, Daniel Schierbeck wrote: > This will make it easier to add type checking to your methods. Let me know if > you think the method belongs in Object or another class, rather than in the > Kernel module. This may be useful to you, but it isn't duck typing. In fact, it appears to be more or less the opposite, in concept. Here, you're checking class ancestry and gatekeeping your method calls and return values based on that ancestry. The thrust of duck typing, as I understand it, is that you just ask an object to do something -- without regard to its class, and quite likely without doing a respond_to? call first. David -- David A. Black dblack / wobblini.net "Ruby for Rails", forthcoming from Manning Publications, April 2006!