mod.included(other) is called after other.include(mod) mod.extended(obj) is called after obj.extend(mod) mod.prepended(other) is called after other.prepend(mod) they are Hook or Callback methods. AND YOU ARE TO LAZY TO USE RI!! ri included #=> ***Callback invoked whenever the receiver is included in another module or class.*** -- Posted via http://www.ruby-forum.com/.