Kevin Bullock wrote in post #1011446: > ... seems like you're confusing _subclassing_ with > _instantiation_ ... I think you're right. Let me restate, just so I'll remember. >> BasicObject's class is Class because BasicObject is an _instance_ of Class. >> BasicObject's superclass is because BasicObject is NOT a _subclass_ of anything. >> BasicObject's ancestors are [BasicObject] because BasicObject is NOT a _subclass_ of anything. >> BasicObject kind of BasicObject? true because BasicObject is an _instance_ of Class, and Class is a _subclass_ of Module, and Module is a _subclass_ of Object, and Object is a _subclass_ of BasicObject. >> BasicObject instance of BasicObject? false because BasicObject is an instance of Class, and an object can only be an instance of one thing. >> BasicObject kind of Object? true because BasicObject is an _instance_ of Class, and Class < Module < Object. >> BasicObject instance of Object? false because BasicObject is an instance of Class, and an object can only be an instance of one thing. >> BasicObject kind of Class? true because BasicObject is an _instance_ of Class. >> BasicObject instance of Class? true because BasicObject is an _instance_ of Class. I'll leave it at that for now, and try to improve my understanding so that I more readily make the distinction between _instance_ and _subclass_. (and I'll leave for another day the cicularity that Object is an _instance_ of its _subclass_ Class ...) Thanks, j -- Posted via http://www.ruby-forum.com/.