On Jan 24, 2011, at 8:41 PM, Kedar Mhaswade wrote: > Doesn't this mean we have two instances of a class (Super) whose only > one instance should have been in the program (because the class included > 'singleton')? IOW, shouldn't class Sub < Super be disallowed? I think you answer your own question. The contract created by the 'singleton' feature is in regards to direct instances and not indirect instances via a subclass. Making the contract more restrictive as you suggest, would limit the use cases for no particular reason. If you don't want a subclass, then don't create one. In general I think it is better to avoid arbitrary restrictions. In most cases, with Ruby, those restrictions don't really prevent anything because methods and classes can always be redefined.