> When FooBehaviors module is included, it also extends the including > class with the FooBehaviors::ClassMethods module. You can find out > more by looking at the differences between include and extend. > > http://railstips.org/2009/5/15/include-verse-extend-in-ruby > > Best, > Michael Guterl Michael, Thanks for your response. Your url was helpful and by following the inheritance tree I found the code that includes skip_before_filter: Base.class_eval do [ Filters, Layout, Benchmarking, Rescue, Flash, MimeResponds, Helpers, Cookies, Caching, Verification, Streaming, SessionManagement, HttpAuthentication::Basic::ControllerMethods, HttpAuthentication::Digest::ControllerMethods, RecordIdentifier, RequestForgeryProtection, Translation ].each do |mod| include mod end but I still feel like skip_before_filter is a dangling method call in the following code: class SlidesController < ApplicationController skip_before_filter :verify_authenticity_token I tried creating a simple example (using what your url illustrated) but it does not work. Here is my toy The first 'call_me' invocation is what I am assuming is equivalent to the skip_before_filter call: module Test def self.include(base) base.extend(ClassMethods) end module ClassMethods def call_me puts "Class method" end end end module Test2 def call_me puts "second mixin called" end end class Tester include Test, Test2 call_me()#toy.rb:23: undefined method `call_me' for Tester:Class (NoMethodError) def initialize super call_me() puts "A tester was built" end end Tester.new I should mention that I am seeing these 'dangling' calls more and more as I look through what the scaffolding generated so I would like a clue! Thanks, Cris -- Posted via http://www.ruby-forum.com/.