On Nov 8, 4:39 pm, Greg Weeks <gregwe... / shaw.ca> wrote: > > class Person > > include ActiveRecord::Validations > > (I assume that "include" above is a typo for "extend".) Nope, only because (as seen in my earlier post) ActiveRecord::Validations has a hook method that detects when it has been included in something else, and automagically calls 'extend's that something else with the methods in the ActiveRecord::Validations::ClassMethods module.