On 24 Jan., 20:17, "Paolo Nusco Perrotta" <paolo.nusco.perro... / gmail.com> wrote: > (...) So, I wonder: why does Ruby go to the > trouble of preventing this in the first place? Paolo, the Ruby interpreter does a lot to prevent including a module twice. It's much more than the lines you've found. This is also the source of a well known problem with Module inclusion, for which there's no solution yet. All this could be prevented without this behaviour. So it seems there must be a very good reason to have it, but I don't know it right now. Perhaps someone else here does? > If it does, shouldn't it > do it all the time, not sometimes? If including a module twice is an > error, shouldn't Ruby raise an exception? I don't have a strong opinion > on this, but it feels strange. Yes, I think so too. But as I've written in another post, I think this would be hard to fix. Regards, Pit