I just tried to add one hash to another with +... can't believe I never tried it before. It's not defined, of course. I used update, which did what I wanted. Should there be a +? Or an | (or)? Maybe it's not completely intuitive... but a hash is much like an array in many respects, and concatenation seems natural to me... and the assumption that the receiver would take precedence in the event of duplicate keys also seems natural. For that matter, | also seems natural for this same operation... and we could probably define & meaningfully as well. For that matter, if we define +, could/should we define -, making it like a set difference based on keys? This seems at least as intuitive as Array#& and Array#| (which don't preserve duplicates -- a feature that I like but is a surprise to some). Comments? Hal