C# certainly borrowed (aka stole) from java, which in turn was a response to perceived weaknesses in C/C++. Ruby has roots in Smalltalk, Perl, and C. Even Fortran is object oriented now! The corss-pollination is normal, and just helps us as developers. If you are willing to be tied to a single platform, I don't think there is anything intrinscally wrong with C#. Its a reasonalbe language, and as you say, its growing. I can't think of any reason why I would develop a Windows application in Java - in a pure Windows environment, ..NET beats it hands down. Ruby is great - but I'm not likely to create a thick client in TCL/TK. (I'm keeping issues about whether I LIKE M$ out of it - just looking at things from a pure productivity standpoint). The very thing that makes .NET unpallatable to some is what makes it compelling to others - it has a giant company behind it that can throw developers at it at will, so it is not going away. My gut feel is that Ruby / Rails is at a critical point where it may have enough momentum to be a real competitor, but it will still face resistance just because there is not (to my knowledege...) a corporate entity that is actively promoting and supporting it. All that said, Ruby is the first language I've come across in a very long time that actually gets me excited about programming. As somebody said (maybe Dave Thomas?), it just feels right. In particular, Rails is incredible from a productivity standpoint, but is it truly enterprise ready? I think so, but it may be a hard sell. Keith