Ryan Leavengood: > def cheer(name) > puts "Hurray for #{name}!" > end > > 3.times do cheer('David') end I'd prefer: class IO def cheer(person, times = 3) self.puts 'Hurray' + (times ? ', hurray' * (times-1) : '') + ' for ' + if person.is_a? Rubyist and person.respond_to? :nickname person.nickname else person end + '!' end end module Kernel def cheer(*args, &block) $defout.cheer(*args, &block) end end Malte