Hello -- I'm probably just being inattentive, but until very recently I don't remember ever seeing terms in comparisons put in a constant-first order. By which (in case my terminology is inexact) I mean things like: if [] == ary if "" == str rather than if ary == [] if str == "" I don't actually remember *ever* seeing this until perhaps a few months ago. And mainly in Ruby. (Then again, I've been scrutinizing mainly Ruby code for the last few months :-) Can anyone give me a little history and/or theory on why this style is in use? Or is there a semantic implication I'm not seeing? David -- David Alan Black home: dblack / candle.superlink.net work: blackdav / shu.edu Web: http://pirate.shu.edu/~blackdav